This topic consists of 8 hours of theory lectures and 6
hours of
practical sessions,one criterion test of one hour duration and two
hours of practical test.
OBJECTIVES
Be able toLesson 1 Describe the parts of a computer.
•
.Understand the Intel 8086 Microprocessor.Lesson 2
•
Describe the architecture of MPU 8086.
•
Describe the stack and the stack
pointer,PC and Flag register Lesson Describe the Clock and power supplies
•
Describe the 8086 pin diagram Describe
the timing, power supply andInstruction
cycle of 8086.Lesson 4 Describe the meaning
of Bus in Microprocessor.
•
Describe the types of Bus
arrangements.Lesson 5 Understand ROMs and RAMs.
•
Describe the addressing modes in 8086
Microprocessor.Lesson 6
•
Describe the Hardware and Software Interrupts in 8086
Microprocessor.
•
Describe the Interrupt response of 8086 Microprocessor.Lesson 7
•
. Describe the concept of memory
mapped I/O.
•
Describe the types of Data Transfer.
Criterion Test
The test will be held for ½ hour duration. The trainee is
expected to secure 60 percent marks without the aid of the material
The entire CPU with timing and control
functions on a single chip is known asMicroprocessor.
Therefore a Microprocessor or MPU is an integrated circuit that containsmany processing capabilities of a large computer.
Microprocessor Evolution
A common way of categorizing is by the number of bits that
their ALU can work with at a time. A Microprocessor
with a 4 - bit ALU will be referred to as a 4-bitMicroprocessor,
regardless of the number of address lines or the number of data bus linesthat
it has. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 produced in 1971. This 4004
was a4 - bit device intended to be used with some other devices in making a
calculator .Somelogic designers, however, saw that this device could be used to
replace PC boards full of combinational and sequential logic devices. Also,
the ability to change the function of asystem by just changing the programming,
rather than redesigning the hardware, is veryappealing. It was these factors
that pushed the evolution of microprocessors.In 1972 Intel come out with the
8008 which was capable of working with 8-bitwords.
In 1974 Intel announced the 8080 which had a much larger instruction set than8008.
The 8080 is referred to as a second-generation microprocessor.Soon after Intel
produced 8080, Motorola came out with MC 6800, another 8-bitgeneral purpose
CPU. Some of the other competitors were the MOS technology 6502 andthe Zilog
Z80. The 16-bit microprocessors entered the marketplace in the late 1970s
andearly 1980s. Then came the 32-bit processors.Most Widely, Microprocessors
are divided into two groups based on their origin.These groups may be tabled as
the 6’s group and that of the 8’s . A family
tree
of the 6’sgroup and that of the 8’s
group is shown in figure 2.
5
We observe that as we progress upward
on the
family tree
the trend is towards greater complexity. Complexity is noted in the figure, in terms of
the
bit size
of the internalregisters. The 6’s group traces its origin
back to the original 6800 Microprocessor designed by Motorola. The 8’s group traces its origin back
to Intel’s 8080Microprocessor.
Each branch in Fig.2 is labeled near the top with the manufacturer responsible for its development.
6
32-bitMPUs16-bitMPUsAbout 1980About
19748-bitMPUs65802/658168086/80886802068000/6801080816/801886803068096538265C0265028028680386Z80000Z-8000Z-80808580806800
8 s6 s
MotorolaZilogIntelMOS technology,Western
Design Centre,Rockwell
Fig.2 Genealogy for 6’s group and 8’s group of
microprocessors
The INTEL 8086 MicroprocessorIntroduction
The 8086 was the first 16-bit Microprocessor
to be introduced by IntelCorporation. It is designed to be
upwardly compatible with the older 8080/8085 series of 8-bit microprocessors. The upward compatibility allows
programs written for the8080/8085 to be easily converted to run on the
8086.The word 16-bit means that its arithmetic logical unit, internal
registers, and mostof its instructions are designed to work with 16-bit binary
words. The 8086 has a 16-bitdata bus, so it can read data form or write data to
memory and ports either 16-bits or 8- bits
at a time. The 8086 has a 20-bit address bus, so it can address any one of 2
or 1,048,576 memory
locations. Each of the 1,048,576 memory addresses of the 8086represents a byte-wide location. Words will be
stored in two consecutive memorylocations.
If the first byte of a word is at an even address, the 8086 can read the entireword
in one operation. If the first byte of the word is at an odd address, the 8086
will readthe first byte of the word in one operation, and the second
byte in another
operation
Eng.Snsn.Ahmad
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